Human Nature Of Human Rights - 1970 Words

Can contractarianism recognise animal rights? There has often been discussion about the nature of justice concerning nonhuman animals, which I will now refer to as animals. The discussion often considers whether humans owe animals justice rather than mere morality, or if humans only owe animals compassion and humanity. This discussion from the contractarian position can be examined through John Rawls’ ‘Justice as Fairness’, his theory of justice to establish the principles by which primary goods should be distributed. In this essay, I will consider the question of whether contractarianism can recognise animal rights by considering the following: Rawls’ theory of justice; the attempted extension to incorporate animal rights by Mark Rowlands in his article â€Å"Contractarianism and Animal Rights†; and Martha Nussbaum’s â€Å" Frontiers of Justice†. I will then consider whether contractarianism can recognise animal rights. Contractarianism is a political theory in which, supposing a pre-political state of nature, people make a mutually advantageous agreement to give up their private use of force in exchange for safety (Nussbaum, 2007, pp.9-10). It has been a popular basis for developing political theories by philosophers, such as John Rawls. Rawls’ theory of Justice, â€Å"Justice as Fairness†, has twoShow MoreRelatedEthical And Philosophical Nature Of Human Rights2452 Words   |  10 PagesOrigins and Politics of human rights. However, recent progression in genetics and genetic engineering have made it possible to change the very nature of the mankind, thus uprising many questions of ethical and philosophical nature. Personally speaking, in choosing the topic for the essay I were mainly interested in the human rights and its nature, how far it could go beyond its origins and control, therefore, addressing age-old questions and concerns. Does the person have the right to change what hasRead MoreA Critical Evaluation Of The Universal Nature Of Human Rights1329 Words   |  6 PagesA CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE UNIVERSAL NATURE OF HUMAN RIGHTS INTRODUCTION Human Rights are the rights, that are considered to be inalienable, inseparable and vested upon individual by virtue of being human. For example, the Oxford English Dictionary defined the universal nature of Human Rights as ‘a right which is believed to belong to every person’. The aim of this essay is to critically evaluate the universal and relative nature of human rights postulated by the eminent scholars, who haveRead MoreThe Natural Law Theory Of Human Nature954 Words   |  4 PagesIt is our human nature that makes us feel great when we get a job and makes us feel horrible for something we steal something. This is because it feels natural for us to feel that we did something right or wrong. The natural law theory tells us that an action is morally right if it is natural and an action is wrong if it is unnatural. This means that human morality comes from nature and has a purpose to live a good life. If someone’s actions are preventing them from making them live a good life,Read MoreCompare and Contrast Hobbes’s and Locke’s Views of the State of Nature and the Fundamental Purpose of Political Society. Whose View Is the More Plausible? Why?1564 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast Hobbes’s and Locke’s views of the state of nature and the fundamental purpose of political society. Whose view is the more plausible? Why? Introduction Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both natural law theorists and social contracts theorists. While most natural law theorists have predominantly been of the opinion that humans are social animals by nature, Locke and Hobbes had a different perspective. Their points of view were remarkably different from thoseRead MoreTo What Extent Is Conservatism a Philosophy of Imperfection?1675 Words   |  7 PagesConservatism does not have one single viewpoint or stance on human nature or imperfection as Conservatism as a whole encompasses different strands or beliefs within it. For example One Nation conservatives have a different philosophy on human imperfection than New Right conservatives do. One Nation conservatives hold the belief that we as humans are: greedy and have a limited capacity for altruism, a complex mix of emotions and contradictory motivations making us irrational, not totally consistentRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1396 Words   |  6 Pages The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, (UNDR) was adopted by the United Nations in 1948 with the intention off providing a moral standard for judging an individual state’s treatment of it’s citizens. Yet to this day a debate rages between scholars such as Jack Donnely and Michael Goodhart as to whether the principles expressed within the UNDR are not only universal but actully culturally relative. When drafting the UNDR, the term â€Å"universal† was meant to show that the declaration â€Å"wasRead MorePolitical Philosophy in the 17th Century947 Words   |  4 Pagesneeded to fit human nature. These characters of history have influenced many regions of the world during its time; to learn what they believed will help explain why. Locke, Hobbes and Bossuet had different views on human nature. Bossuet, being a bishop, was more favorable towards the religious side. His primary view was based on the scripture that people were created by God and should live their lives in a religious manner. Hobbes had a critically negative view on human nature as he stated thatRead MoreJohn Locke And Karl Marx On Private Property1389 Words   |  6 Pagescenturies – whether what falls into private property, and if it is just to have it. It is the law of nature to use the goods given by the earth, but the difference between public and personal use is still at question. John Locke and Karl Marx are two important philosophers who analysed the concept of private property and how they believe it should be used. They both use their understanding of the law of nature to construct their views on private property. Through this essay, Locke’s Two Treatises of GovernmentRead MoreKant s View On Morality921 Words   |  4 Pagescannot be derived from human nature. To put it in other terms, it is not human nature that should be used as a model to how we should behave morally. Kant believed that humans do not always make the right moral decisions because human nature can be flawed at times, often times choosing an animalistic desire over doing something that is morally permissible. In addition, Kant believed that the outcome of human nature is not the central issue when it comes to knowing what is right or what is wrong. Read MoreHuman Rights And Natural Rights1184 Words   |  5 PagesHuman rights are basically rights that individuals theoretically have within natural law. The quest for happiness, life as well as liberty are for instances cited as natural rights by the Declaration of Independence of the USA. As a matter of fact, human rights are deduced from natural law and occur with or without the authority of any government. Human rights can be interpreted as incessant with what were formerly i dentified as natural rights. This steadiness is not only historical, but theoretical

Siddhartha Essay Hindu and Buddhist Thought - 1501 Words

Hindu and Buddhist Thought in Siddhartha Siddhartha, set in India, is subtitled an Indic Poetic Work, and it clearly owes much to Indian religions. But the question of the exact nature of Hesses debt to various aspects of Indian religion and philosophy in Siddhartha is quite complicated and deserves detailed discussion. This essay will discuss the elements of Hindu and Buddhist thought present in Siddhartha and make distinctions between them. Siddhartha is one of the names of the historical Gotama (Noss 213), the life of Hesses character, Siddhartha resembles that of his historical counterpart to some extent. Siddhartha is by no means a fictional life of Buddha, but it does contain numerous references to†¦show more content†¦The interior disciplines constitute the final three steps: right efforts, right mindfulness, and right contemplation. By this means, the follower of Buddha can arrive at Nirvana. One critic, Leroy R. Shaw, has pointed out that Siddhartha is divided into two parts of four and eight chapters, and proceeds from this insight to interpret the work as an illustration of Buddhas Truths and Path; in the first chapter Siddhartha learns the existence of suffering, in the fifth (which corresponds to the first step of the Path) he begins his journey along the correct path, etc. Shaw, then, comes to the conclusion that at the end the difference between Siddhartha and Gotama, which had seemed so vast to the seeker at his meeting with the sage, becomes non-existent. This is certainly true in one respect; both Gotama and Siddhartha have arrived at a final condition of Harmony (although the nature of the Harmony differs considerably). But Siddharthas way was clearly not that of Buddha. The division of four and eight seems nevertheless to allude to the Truths and the Path, since a more natural division of the novel, considering its structure, would be into three sections of fo ur chapters each. Other aspects of Buddhas teachings are also of interest. Buddha was rather logical, scientific, and rational in his approach. He did not speak of supernatural phenomena or an afterlife, and he dismissed the possibility of miracles. Buddha taught self-reliance. He had littleShow MoreRelatedBuddism versus Hinduism Essay1028 Words   |  5 Pagesworshipped, the founders of the religions, sacred writings observed, and meditation practices. Through out this essay we will explore and compare the similarities and the differences in both of these religions. Hinduism Religion In the Hindu religion, the founder was not one person alone. It is believed by historians that the Aryans developed Hinduism over 3500 years ago. The Hindu religion was developed around the caste system. The caste system was the social class of India. At the top toRead MoreInvestigating Buddhism s Life And Life969 Words   |  4 Pages Investigating Buddhism Essay Once upon a time, there was a prince named Siddhartha Gautama. The prince’s birth was unusual. His mother had a dream that a white elephant entered her womb foretelling that her baby would be a Buddha. His father ruled the Shakya clan. King Suddhodana Gautama wanted Siddhartha to become a great ruler rather than a religious leader, so he created a protected environment for the young price. Despite his father’s efforts Siddhartha expressed signs of spiritual proclivityRead MoreHinduism: The Ancient Texts and Artistic Endeavors of India 1801 Words   |  7 Pagesjustly, albeit incorrectly, so—as over 80% of the nation’s population practices the ancient tradition (â€Å"Religious Composition† n.p.). Hinduism’s history begins several thousands of years ago, as the nomadic Aryan peoples, sweeping in from the northern Hindu Kush Mountains, alternately clashed and mingled with the local Dravidian people with their downward migration; this Indo-Ar yan synthesis, centered on the sacred Vedas scriptures of the Aryans, led to the development of a new religious tradition thatRead MoreBuddhism And Hinduism : Religion2033 Words   |  9 PagesHinduism (depending on how some look at it), can either be monotheistic or polytheistic (for the sake of this essay it will be discussed as if it is polytheistic), meaning it has one god or multiple gods. There are seven dimensions of a religion and this essay will be comparing and talking about three parts of Hinduism and Buddhism. In this essay we will discuss and compare Hindu and Buddhist myths, rituals, and ethics. It shall go over what they believe and myths they discuss and have written downRead MoreChristianity, Islam, And Buddhism1474 Words   |  6 Pagessomeone who has had a revelation. Every great religion acknowledges revelation in the wide sense that its followers are dependent on the privileged insights of its founder or of the original group or individuals with which the fait h began. In the essay I will explain how Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism were founded. ​Christianity is the world s largest religion, with over 2.4 billion adherents. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity who’s coming as Christ orRead MoreAP Human Geography Religion Notes Essay1830 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Religion Unit Essay Notes 1. Secularism began to arise with the seperation of church and state in Europe. A. Why is this so? (Deblij 207, 222-224) Secularism is the indifference to or rejection of formal religion. The most secular countries today are in Europe. Secularism has become more widespread during the past century due to the rise in democracy. Democratic governments disadvantage the traditional practices of a religion because they offer freedom, whereas other forms of government mayRead MoreBuddhism and No-Self Essay1954 Words   |  8 Pageswith many people attracted to a different way of experiencing religion. As with many other enlightenment religions, Buddhism requires disciples to understand concepts that are not readily explainable: one such concept is that of no-self. In this essay I shall discuss the no-self from a number of modern perspectives; however, as no-self is difficult to describe I shall focus on both the self and no-self. Beginning with psychological aspects, and neurophysiological research on transcendental meditationRead MoreIs India A Country Of Ethnic Religious And Linguistic Pluralism Par Excel lence?1364 Words   |  6 Pagesessential to define the term â€Å"religion† first to be able to realize whether the meaning has shifted when we refer to south Asian beliefs. Religion derives from the Latin word â€Å"Religio† which means obligation, bond or reverence. T.N Madan noted in his essay that in Lucretius, it also mean â€Å"fear of gods†. Therefore the question becomes, are all what we refer to as â€Å"religions† in India conform to this definition? Looking back to the rich history of religions in India, Vedism and Hinduism could be consideredRead MoreGrand Canyon Int 244 Complete Course1616 Words   |  7 Pageshelpful means toward achieving these goals? Explain. WEEK 4 DQ 2 Describe 3 beliefs key beliefs of Jainism and/or Sikhism. How similar are these beliefs to those found in Hinduism? WEEK 5 DQ 1 Explain the notion of â€Å"self† from both a Buddhist and Christian perspective. How do these two perspectives differ? How are they similar? WEEK 5 DQ 2 Identify three different schools of Buddhism. How are these schools similar in their beliefs and practices? How do they differ? WEEKRead MoreEssay about Compare and Contrast the Lives of Buddha and Jesus3767 Words   |  16 Pagesunder different circumstances, and in different social atmospheres.   But each religion is based upon the teachings of a great man.   When one compares the life of Buddha with the life of Jesus, one finds that the two share many things in common.   This essay aims to compare and contrast the lives of Buddha1 and Jesus in two key areas:   conception and birth.   In these two areas, one finds that the Buddha and Jesus share many similarities.   Sources on the Buddhas life indicate that he was born around

Downside of the Excellent American Education System Free Essays

In the book why they excel, we can see that American education system is good by looking from the result of the progress of technology and economic in this country but why Asian students is better than American students in United states, is it because of our system education is lower than their system education or from the quality of the people?. We can answer this by looking our system education from the success and failure and my experience in here. We all know that American education system is good, as a result we can see it from the invention of many things for example like internet technology or computing system. We will write a custom essay sample on Downside of the Excellent American Education System or any similar topic only for you Order Now The success from this education, we can see from the quality of the education, we know that United States is very popular in education, for example so many people from United States can work in out of this country easily after finishing their school. The system of education here is very good, in which studying in this country is very nice because we can study what we want without taking so many general educations. For example when we want to study business Computer information system, we can finish it by 3 years. But other country like Indonesia, we cannot graduate just by 3 years only because so many general educations we have to take there. So it is not efficient to take many General educations because it is not important, anyway we will forget it after we finish school. On the other hand American education has some disadvantages, for example like Asian students can do better than American students, it is really crazy things, because Asian students have to study the language first before they study here. But in fact Asian students are better. We can see why Asian students are better because of 2 sides, in which it is intern side and extern side. Intern side is for example like the motivation of their parents, and Confucianism. And extern side is the quality of their high school in Asian. So that is why Asian Students do not feel difficulties in studying here. For example like in Singapore in which the standard of the high school there is the highest in this world for math, so the students from Singapore who want to continue their study here they will not feel any difficulties because the level of difficulties in almost all subject is lower than in Singapore. In my experience, I can decide that American education is very good, because we just take like 3 years to take bachelor, and after that we can work to look for money, and it is really good thing, but American system has failure also, for example in my math class, all Asian students can get A, we can see it how bad the quality of high school here, because almost all students have to study new things in university, but in fact all Asian students have already studied that thing in their high school in Asia. Therefore my idea about the success and failure from our experience in studying here is that we have to change the system of the American high school here, because the quality is reallylow, for example like we have to give more subject to all high school students so they can be more competitive with Asian students. How to cite Downside of the Excellent American Education System, Papers

Corporate Downsizing Essay Example For Students

Corporate Downsizing Essay IntroductionThe U.S. economy was at the height of economic expansion, stocks were near all time highs, corporate profits were strong, and the unemployment rate was at its lowest in two decades. At the same time, the major corporations in the United States were firing workers by the hundreds of thousands, and job insecurity had risen to an extremely high level. What was also ironic was the fact that the corporations who were initiating the downsizings were considered to be some of the strongest and most profitable in the country. Although these events seem to be inconsistent, this is what has happened throughout the decade of the 1990s. Traditionally, downsizing was a direct result of a decline in the demand for a firms product. This would mean that fewer items needed to be produced, therefore less employees were needed. Downsizing was also used as a way to cut costs during times of recession. But, the downsizings observed in the 1990s did not fit this mold. Instead of downsizing for survival, companies were using this as a strategic plan for creating an increase in stock prices. The intent of downsizings by these top corporations who were already very profitable was to become lean and mean. However, results of a survey published in the Wall Street Journal suggested that many of the firms did not meet their goals. While corporate downsizing gets the publicity, the American economy has steadily grown richer. Many times the public confuses downsizing with recession, but in reality affects a single industry that is trying to accommodate itself to new realities of the market. While some industries have downsized, the economy has continued to grow.History of DownsizingDownsizing is defined as a reduction in the number of employees, and sometimes in the number of operating units within a company. It began as a strategy of weak corporations as a way to reduce the costs of the company. Shareholder wealth was the main concern, and companies were willing to do whatever they thought necessary to convince the market that the stock price should rise. The stock price had become more important in the decisions of top management because many companies were offering stock options to them as part of their salaries. Downsizing was being used as a survival strategy by corporations who were trying to increase thei r market values. It was often perceived as making a company more competitive in todays global marketplace. In typical downsizing, a profitable firm would announce to the public that it was firing a large percentage of its workforce. The idea was that the market would get excited and begin buying up the firms stock at a higher price. But, there are different views on how stockholders react to this kind of news. The idea that downsizing increases stock prices is fueled by the belief that if earnings are to be maintained and improved, corporations have one alternative-cut costs. This usually meant cutting jobs because trimming the payroll seemed to be an easier way to increase profits in the short run. Downsizings also had everything that a company wanted when trying to increase stock prices-they were tragic and newsworthy and they showed that a company was serious about its cash flow. Downsizing not only reduces the number of employees, but often shrinks the number of management levels as well, and middle managers have been particularly vulnerable to downsizing changes. Downsizing is usuall y done by a company because of the perceived effect of more efficiency, resulting in cost reductions. This trend has emerged due to the idea that corporate downsizing will increase the stock price of a company. This paper will focus on this issue by looking at two major companies who have downsized in the last few years and the effects, if any, that it had on their stock prices. .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f , .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f .postImageUrl , .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f , .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f:hover , .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f:visited , .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f:active { border:0!important; } .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f:active , .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub2623cd5ebd0951989ab24d47fbfd61f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Decision making EssayAssumption of the AnalysisBefore progressing further, it is important to qualify the companies in this data set as relevant for the purpose of carrying out this study. Specific qualifications are necessary to ensure that the information utilized from the companies selected is an accurate representation of downsizing. Therefore, a company should be included in the data set if it meets the following criteria:?The company is public and is listed on the NASDAQ or the New York Exchange at the time of downsizing. ?The companys principal offices are located in the U.S. ?The company was not bankrupt or in the process of reorganizing at the time of downsizing. ?The downsizing was publicized in a reputable news-related periodical or a newspaper such as the New York Times. Not only are there specific requirements for the selection of companies, but labor decisions categorized as downsizing must also be carefully indicated. Therefore, the second assumption is that downsizing is differentiated from some other form of corporate reorganization such as layoffs in the following manner:?The company eradicated a minimum of $2,000 if it has more than 20,000 employees. ?The company eliminates a minimum of 20% of its workforce if its payroll personnel consists of less than 20,000. ?Positions that are eliminated involving special incentive or severance packages are included. ?Eliminations that are results of mergers are also included. Statement of the ProblemGiven the aforementioned assumptions, the statement of the problem is that downsizing irequires that a firm fire a large quantity of their workers all at once, (indicating decreasing equity value of a firm), however, the number of workers fired tends to increase the long-run return of the stock. Objective of the StudyTherefore, the objective of this study is to use stock prices as a medium to measure the efficiency of companies. Particularly, this study focuses on mainly two corporations, Delta and United Airlines. The goal of the authors is to use the stock prices, (taken from a secondary source), of these companies as a determinant of the companys success or decline during its period of downsizing. This paper will show that although downsizing is shown to be a rare event in the evolution of stock prices, it does actually constitute relevant and favorable news to the equity of a firm. Hypothesis TestingThe aforementioned sections of this study have discussed the reasons of downsizing and its effects on the companies undergoing such a reorganization process and have identified stock prices as the factor to indicate the effect on the companys financial position. Such a factor is a very effective determinant for analyzing whether downsizing had any effect on the company or to signal if the company did indeed meet its objective. Hence, for the purposes of this study, hypotheses testing applying the stock prices of two different companies will be used. As stated, the two companies considered for our testing are Delta and United Airlines. Procedurally, the authors have used the stock prices of these two companies from the Wall Street Journal .The indicated periods used are those that range from a few months before the downsizing took place until some few months subsequent to the downsizing. The aforementioned periods include the transition period. As shown in the tables, the two separate companies are defined and following is the implementation of the Independent Sample t test. The t test is used to prove or reject our assumptions. The entire procedure is explained and verified in seven steps, which are as follows: